Planet Fomalhaut b

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• A Catalogue of Interstellar Material Delivery From Nearby Debris Disks

  2025
  Plan. Sci. J. , accepted
  arxiv  

• Fomalhaut's debris disc is not dominated by primordial Plutos

  2025 PEARCE T., LÖHNE T. & KRIVOV A.
  MNRAS , in press
  paper   arxiv  

• Hot exozodiacal dust around Fomalhaut: The MATISSE perspective

  2025 OLLMANN K., KIRCHSCHLAGER F., STUBER Th., TSISHCHANKAVA K., MATTER A. et al.
  Astron. & Astrophys. , in press
  paper   arxiv  

• A second planetesimal collision in the Fomalhaut system

  2025 KALAS P., WANG J., MILLAR-BLANCHAER M., REN B., WYATT M. et al.
  Science , in press
  paper   arxiv  

• A PR drag origin for the Fomalhaut disk’s pervasive inner dust: constraints on collisional strengths, icy composition, and embedded planets

  2025 SOMMER M., WYATT M. & HAN Y.
  MNRAS , in press
  paper  

• Bound circumplanetary orbits under the influence of radiation pressure: Application to dust in directly imaged exoplanet systems

  2023 HANSEN B. & HAYAKAWA K.
  ApJ , submitted
  arxiv  

• Debris Rings from Extrasolar Irregular Satellites

  2023 HAYAKAWA K. & HANSEN B.
  MNRAS , 522 , 2115
  paper   arxiv  

• Spatially resolved imaging of the inner Fomalhaut disk using JWST/MIRI

  2023 GASPAR A., WOLFF Sh., RIEKE G., LEISENRING J., MORRISON J. et al.
  Naturd Astronomy , 7 , 790
  paper  

• Searching for Planets Orbiting Fomalhaut with JWST/NIRCam

  2023 YGOUF M., BEICHMAN Ch., LLOP-SAYSON J., BRYDEN G., LEISENRING J. et al.
  Astron. J. , 167 , 26
  paper   arxiv  

• The Detectability of Nightside City Lights on Exoplanets

  2022 BEATTY Th.
  MNRAS , 513 , 2652
  paper   arxiv

• Additional evidence that Fomalhaut b might be a non-exoplanet

  2022 DEL VECCHIO A. & STONE J.
  MNRAS Letters , 518 , L80
  paper  

• Fomalhaut b could be massive and sculpting the narrow, eccentric debris disc, if in mean-motion resonance with it

  2021 PEARCE T., BEUST H., FARAMAZ V., BOOTH M., KRIKOV A. et al.
  MNRAS , 503 , 4767
  paper   arxiv

• Host star metallicity of directly imaged wide-orbit planets: implications for planet formation

  2021 SWASTIK C., BANYAI R., NARANG M., MANOJ P., SIVARANI T. et al.
  Astron. J. , 161 , 114
  paper   arxiv

• Tidal disruption versus planetesimal collisions as possible origins for the dispersing dust cloud around Fomalhaut

  2020 JANSON M., WU Y., CATALDI G. & BRANDEKER A.
  Astron. & Astrophys. , 640 , A93
  paper  arxiv  

• Search for continuous gravitational waves from Fomalhaut b in the second Advanced LIGO observing run with a hidden Markov model

  2020 JONES D. & SUN L.
  arxiv  

• New HST data and modeling reveal a massive planetesimal collision around Fomalhaut

  2020 GASPAR A. & RIEKE G.
  PNAS , accepted
  arxiv

• Extrasolar Kuiper Belts

  2019 WYATT M.
  in "The Trans-Neptunian Solar System" (D. Prialnik, M.A. Barucci and L. Young, eds.) ,
  accepted
  arxiv  

• Possible detection of gamma rays from Epsilon Eridani

  2018 RILEY A., STRIGARI L., PORTER T., BLANDFORD R., MURGIA S. et al.
  ApJ , submitted
  arxiv  

• Simulations of the Fomalhaut System Within Its Local Galactic Environment

  2018 KAIB N., WHITE E. & IZIDORO A.
  MNRAS , 473 , 470
  paper  arxiv  

• Two decades of Exoplanetary Science with Adaptive Optics

  2018 CHAUVIN G.
  SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation , 10703 , 1070305
  paper   arxiv  

• Constraints on the structure of hot exozodiacal dust belts

  2017 KIRCHSCHLAGER F., WOLF S., KRIKOV A., MUTSCHKE H. & BRUNNGRÄBER R.
  MNRAS , submitted
  arxiv  

• Future Exoplanet Research: Science Questions and How to Address Them

  2017 SCHNEIDER J.
  Exoplanet Handbook (Springer) , in press
  arxiv  

• A Test of the Neutron Star Hypothesis for Fomalhaut b

  2017 POPPENHAEGER K., AUCHETTI K. & WOLK S.
  MNRAS , 468 , 4018
  paper   arxiv  

• Clearing residual planetesimals by sweeping secular resonances in transitional disks: a lone-planet scenario for the wide gaps in debris disks around Vega and Fomalhaut

  2017 ZHENG X., LIN D., KOUWENHOVEN M., MAO Sh. & ZHANG X.
  ApJ , 849 , 98
  paper   arxiv  

• Detection of exocometary CO within the 440 Myr-old Fomalhaut belt: a similar CO+CO2 ice abundance in exocomets and Solar System comets

  2017 MATRA L., MACGREGOR M., KALAS P., WYATT M., KENNEDY G. et al.
  ApJ , 842 , 9
  paper   arxiv  

• A Complete ALMA Map of the Fomalhaut Debris Disk

  2017 MACGREGOR M., MATRA L., KALAS P., WILNER D., PAN M. et al.
  ApJ , submitted
  arxiv  

• 1.3 mm ALMA Observations of the Fomalhaut Debris System

  2016 WHITE J., BOLEY A., DENT W., FORD E. & CORDER S.
  MNRAS , submitted
  arxiv  

• Sparse aperture masking at the VLT II. Detection limits for the eight debris disks stars $β$ Pic, AU Mic, 49 Cet, $η$ Tel, Fomalhaut, g Lup, HD181327 and HR8799

  2016 GAUCHET L., LACOUR S., LAGRANGE A.-M., EHRENREICH D., BONNEFOY M. et al.
  Astron. & Astrophys. , 595 , A31
  paper  arxiv  

• Light Scattering and Thermal Emission by Primitive Dust Particles in Planetary Systems

  2016 KIMURA H., KOLOKOLOVA L. LI A. & LEBRETON J.
  in " Light Scattering Reviews, Volume 11" , accepted
  arxiv  

• Constraints on Planetesimal Collision Models in Debris Disks

  2016 MacGREGOR M., WILNER D., CHANDLER C., RICCI L., MADDISON S. et al.
  ApJ , 823 , 79
  paper  arxiv  

• A Roadmap to Interstellar Flight

  2016 LUBIN Ph.
  J. British Interplan. Soc. , 69 , 40
  arxiv  

• Habitable Zones of Post-Main Sequence Stars

  2016 RAMIREZ R. & KALTENEGGER L.
  ApJ , 823 , 6
  paper  arxiv   ADS  

• A Primer on Unifying Debris Disk Morphologies

  2016 LEE E. & CHAING E.
  Astron. J. , submitted
  arxiv  

• Orbital fitting of imaged planetary companions with high eccentricities and unbound orbits -- Application to Fomalhaut b and PZ Telescopii B

  2016 BEUST H., BONNEFOY M., MAIRE A.-L., EHRENREICH D., LAGRANGE A.-M. & CHAUNVIN G.
  Astron. & Astrophys. , 587 , A89
  paper  arxiv  ADS  

• The Inner Debris Structure in the Fomalhaut Planetary System

  2016 SU K., RIEKE G., DEFRERE D., WANG K-S., LAI Sh.-P. et al.
  ApJ , 818 , 45
  paper  arxiv  ADS

• The companion candidate near Fomalhaut - a background neutron star?

  2015 NEUHÄUSER R., HOHLE M., GINSKI Ch., SCHMIDT J., HAMBARYAN V., SCHMIDT T.
  MNRAS , 448 , 376
  paper  arxiv  

• Collisional Cascade Calculations for Irregular Satellite Swarms in Fomalhaut b

  2015 KENYON, S. & B. BROMLEY
  ApJ , 811 , 60
  arxiv  paper   ADS  

• Constraining the orbits of sub-stellar companions imaged over short orbital arcs

  2015 PEARCE T., WYATT M. & KENNEDY G.
  MNRAS , 448 , 3679
  paper   arxiv   ADS  

• A Possible Dynamical History for the Fomalhaut System

  2015 FARAMAZ V.
  in IAU Symposium No. 314 "Young Stars & Planets Near the Sun"
  arxiv  

• Fomalhaut b as a Dust Cloud: Frequent Collisions within the Fomalhaut Disk

  2015 LAWLER S., GREENSTREET S. & GLADMAN B.
  ApJ Letters , 802 , L20
  paper  arxiv  ADS  

• High-contrast Imaging with Spitzer: Deep Observations of Vega, Fomalhaut, and epsilon Eridani

  2015 JANSON M., QUANZ S., CARSON J., THALMANN Ch., LEFRENIERE D. & AMARA A.
  Astron. & Astrophys. , 574 , A220
  paper  arxiv  ADS  

• Constraints on the gas content of the Fomalhaut debris belt; Can gas-dust interactions explain the belt's morphology?

  2015 CATALDI G., BRANDEKER A., OLOFSSON G., CHEN C., DENT W. et al.
  Astron. & Astrophys. , 574 , L1
  paper  arxiv  

• Discovery of the Fomalhaut C debris disc

  2014 KENNEDY G., WYATT M., KALAS P., DUCHENE G., SIBTHORPE B. et al.
  MNRAS Letters , 438 , L56
  paper  arxiv  

• Feasibility of transit photometry of nearby debris discs

  2014 ZEEGERS S., KENWORTHY M. & KALAS P.
  MNRAS , 439 , 488
  paper   arxiv  

• Insights on the dynamical history of the Fomalhaut system - Investigating the Fom c hypothesis

  2014 FARAMAZ V., BEUST H., AUGEREAU J.-Ch., KALAS P. & GRAHAM J.
  Astron. & Astrophys. , 573 , A87
  paper  arxiv  

• Fomalhaut b as a Cloud of Dust: Testing Aspects of Planet Formation Theory

  2014 KENYON S., CURRIE Th. & BROMLEY B.
  ApJ , accepted
  arxiv   paper   paper  

• Imaged sub-stellar companions: not as eccentric as they appear? The effect of an unseen inner mass on derived orbits

  2014 PEARCE T., WYATT M. & KENNEDY G.
  MNRAS , 437 , 2686
  paper  arxiv  

• An independent determination of Fomalhaut b's orbit and the dynamical effects on the outer dust belt

  2014 BEUST H., AUGEREAU J.-Ch., BONSOR A., GRAHAM J., KALAS P. & 5 additional authors
  Astron. & Astrophys. , 561 , A43
  paper  arxiv  

• Optimized Principal Component Analysis on Coronagraphic Images of the Fomalhaut System

  2013 MESHKAT T., KENWORTHY M., QUANZS. & AMARAA.
  ApJ , 780 , 17
  paper  

• An interferometric study of the Fomalhaut inner debris disk. III. Detailed models of the exozodiacal disk and its origin

  2013 LEBRETON J., van LIESHOUT R., AUGEREAU J.-Ch., ABSIL O., MENNESSON B. & 13 additional authors
  Astron. & Astrophys. , 555 , A146
  paper   arxiv  

• Consequences of an Eccentric Orbit for Fomalhaut b

  2013 TAMAYO D.
  MNRAS , accepted
  arxiv  

• Signpost of Multiple Planets in Debris Disks

  2013 SU K. & RIEKE G.
  in "Exploring the Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems"
  arxiv  

• The Solar Neighborhood. XXX. Fomalhaut C

  2013 MAMAJEK E.E., BARTLETT J.L., SEIFAHRT A., HENRY T.J., DIETERICH S.B., et al.
  Astron. J. , 146 , 154
  paper arxiv

• A Deep Keck/NIRC2 Search for Thermal Emission from Planetary Companions Orbiting Fomalhaut

  2013 CURRIE T., CLOUTIER R., DEBES J., KENYON S. & KAISLER D.
  ApJ Letters , 777 , L6
  paper  arxiv 

• STIS Coronagraphic Imaging of Fomalhaut: Main Belt Structure and the Orbit of Fomalhaut b

  2013 KALAS P., GRAHAM J., FITZGERALD M. & CLAMPIN M.
  ApJ , submitted
  arxiv  

• Taxonomy of the extrasolar planet

  2012 PLAVALOVA E.
  Astrobiology , 12 , 361
  paper   arxiv

• Fomalhaut debris disk emission at 7 millimeters: constraints on the collisional models of planetesimals

  2012 RICCI L., TESTI L., MADDISON S. & WILNER D.
  Astron. & Astrophys. , 539 , L6
  paper   arxiv

• Direct Imaging of Extra-solar Planets - Homogeneous Comparison of Detected Planets and Candidates

  2012 NEUHAUSER R. & SCHMIDT T.
  in "Topics in Adaptive Optics" , Chap 3
  Full text  arxiv   ADS  

• Infrared Non-detection of Fomalhaut b -- Implications for the Planet Interpretation

  2012 JANSON M., CARSON J., LAFRENIÈRE D., SPIEGEL D., BENT J. & WONG P.
  ApJ. , 747 , 116
  paper   arxiv

• An interferometric study of the Fomalhaut inner debris disk II. Keck Nuller mid-infrared observations

  2012 MENNESSON B., ABSIL O., LEBRETON J., AUGERAU J.-Ch., SERABYN E. & 5 additional authors
  ApJ , 763 , 119
  paper  arxiv

• Coronagraphic observations of Fomalhaut at solar system scales

  2012 KENWORTHY M., MESHKAT T., QUANZ S., GIRARD J., MEYER M. & KASPER M.
  ApJ , 764 , 7
  paper   arxiv  

• Herschel images of Fomalhaut. An extrasolar Kuiper belt at the height of its dynamical activity

  2012 ACKE B., MIN M., DOMINIK C., VANDENBUSSCHE B., SIBTHORPE B. & et al.
  Astron. & Astrophys.

• Constraining the Planetary System of Fomalhaut Using High-Resolution ALMA Observations

  2012 BOLEY A., PAYNE M., CORDER S., DENT W., FORD E. & SHABRAM M.
  ApJ. Letters , 750 , L21
  paper   arxiv

• Herschel images of Fomalhaut - An extrasolar Kuiper belt at the height of its dynamical activity

  2012 ACKE B., MIN M., DOMINIK C., VANDENBUSSCHE B., SIBTHORPE B., WAELKENS C. & 30 additional authors
  Astron. & Astrophys. , 540 , A125
  paper   arxiv

• On the Age and Binarity of Fomalhaut

  2012 MAMAJEK E.E.
  ApJ. Letters , 754 , L20
  paper   arxiv

• Direct Imaging Confirmation and Characterization of a Dust-Enshrouded Candidate Exoplanet Orbiting Fomalhaut

  2012 CURRIE Th., DEBES J., RODIGAS T., BURROWS A., ITOH Y. & 4 additional authors
  ApJ Letters , 760 , L32
  paper   arxiv  

• Defining and cataloging exoplanets: The exoplanet.eu database

  2011 SCHNEIDER J., DEDIEU C., LE SIDANER P., SAVALLE R. & ZOLOTUKHIN I.
  Astron. & Astrophys. , 532 , A79
  paper   arxiv

• Collisional Evolution of Irregular Satellite Swarms: Detectable Dust around Solar System and Extrasolar Planets

  2011 KENNEDY G. & WYATT M.
  MNRAS , 412 , 2137
  paper   arxiv

• Searching for faint companions with VLTI/PIONIER. I. Method and first results

  2011 ABSIL O., LE BOUQUIN J.-B., BERGER J.-Ph., LAGRANGE A.-M., CHAUVIN G. & 8 additional authors
  Astron. & Astrophys. , 535 , A68
  paper   arxiv

• Capture of Irregular Satellites via Binary Planetesimal Exchange Reactions in Migrating Planetary Systems

  2011 QUILLEN A., HASAN I. & MOORE A.
  MNRAS , 425 , 2507
  paper   arxiv

• The Exoplanet Handbook

  2011 PERRYMAN M.
  Content
  Content and Chapter 5

• Giant Planet Formation

  2010 D'ANGELO G., DURISEN R. & LISSAUER J.
  paper

• Formation and evolution of planetary systems: the impact of high angular resolution optical techniques

  2010 ABSIL O. & MAWET D.
  Astron. & Astrophys. Rev. , 18 , 317
  paper   astro-ph

• The lunar phases of dust grains orbiting Fomalhaut

  2010 MIN M., KAMA M., DOMINIK C. & WATERS L.
  Astron. & Astrophys. , 509 , L6
  paper

• The Hill stability of the possible moons of extrasolar planets

  2010 DONNISON J.
  MNRAS , 406 , 1918
  paper

• Are debris disks self-stirred?

  2010 KENNEDY G. & WYATT M.
  MNRAS
  preprint

• The Ages of Stars Hosting Substellar Companions

  2010 MAMAJEK E.
  abstract

• Recovery of Fomalhaut b with HST/STIS

  2010 KALAS P., GRAHAM J., FITZGERALD M. & CLAMPIN M.
  BAAS , 43, no 1 , 302.02
  abstract

• How eccentric orbital solutions can hide planetary systems in 2:1 resonant orbits

  2010 ANGLADA-ESCUDE G., LOPEZ-MORALES M. & CHAMBERS J.
  ApJ. , 709 , 168
  paper

• The spin-orbit alignment of the Fomalhaut planetary system probed by optical long baseline interferometry

  2009 Le BOUQUIN J.-B., ABSIL O., BENISTY M; MASSI M., MERAND A. & STELL S.
  Astron. & Astrophys. , 498 , L41
  paper

• Optical to Submillimeter Imaging of the Fomalhaut and HR 8799 Planetary Systems.

  2009 KALAS P., FITZGERALD M., PAPADOPOULOS P., GRAHAM J., MANESS H., MATTHEWS B., CLAMPIN M., CHIANG E. & BASU K.
  BAAS , 42, no 1 , 377.07
  abstract

• Homogeneous comparison of planet candidates imaged directly until 2008

  2009 SCHMIDT T., NEUHÄUSER R. & SEIFAHRT A.
  arxiv   paper

• Spitzer/Infrared Array Camera Limits to Planetary Companions of Fomalhaut and epsilon Eridani

  2009 MARENGO M., STAPELFELDT K., WERNER M., HORA J., FAZIO G., SCHUSTER M., CARSON J. & MEGEATH S.
  ApJ. , 700 , 1647
  paper

• Fomalhaut's Debris Disk and Planet: Constraining the Mass of Fomalhaut b From Disk Morphology

  2009 CHIANG E., KITE E., KALAS P., GRAHAM J. & CLAMPIN M.
  ApJ. , 693 , 734
  paper

• Did Fomalhaut, HR 8799, and HL Tauri Form Planets via the Gravitational Instability? Placing Limits on the Required Disk Masses

  2009 NERO D. & BJORKMAN E.
  ApJ. Letters , 702 , L158
  paper

• An interferometric study of the Fomalhaut inner debris disk. I. Near-infrared detection of hot dust with VLTI/VINCI

  2009 ABSIL O., MENNESSON B., LE BOUQIUN J.-B., DI FOLCO E., KERVELLA P. & AUGEREAU J.-Ch.
  ApJ. , 704 , 150
  paper

• Long range outward migration of giant planets, with application to Fomalhaut b

  2009 CRIDA A., MASSET F. & MORBIDELLI A.
  ApJ. Letters , 705 , L148
  paper

• Direct imaging of extrasolar planets: overview of ground and space programs

  2009 BOCCALETTI A.
  abstract   arxiv

• High-Contrast Observations in Optical and Infrared Astronomy

  2009 OPPENHEIMER B. & HINKLEY S.
  Ann. Rev. Astron. & Astrophys. , 47 , 253
  paper

• Abundance Stratification of Exoplanet Host Stars

  2008 SAFFE C., LEVATO H., LOPEZ-GARCIA Z., JOFRE E., PETRUCCI R. & GONZALEZ E.
  Astron. & Astrophys.
  preprint

• Seeing is Believing

  2008 MARLEY M.
  Science , 322 , 1335
  paper   Science

• Optical Images of an Exosolar Planet 25 Light-Years from Earth

  2008 KALAS P., GRAHAM J., CHIANG E., FITZGERALD M., CLAMPIN M., KITE E., STAPELFELDT K., MAROIS Ch. & KRIST J.
  Science , 322 , 1345
  paper   astro-ph

• Fomalhaut b: Direct Detection of a less than 3 Jupiter-mass Object Orbiting Fomalhaut

  2008 KALAS P., FITZGERALD M., CLAMPIN M., GRAHAM J., CHIANG E., KITE E.STAPELFELDT K. & KRIST J.
  BAAS , 41, no 1 , 51.02
  abstract

• Analysis of the Photometry of Fomalhaut b

  2008 GRAHAM J., KALAS P., CHIANG E., FITZGERALD M., CLAMPIN M., KITE E., KRIST J. & STAPELFELDT K.
  BAAS , 41, no 1 , 351.03
  abstract

• MMT/AO 5 micron Imaging Constraints on the Existence of Giant Planets Orbiting Fomalhaut at ~13-40 AU

  2008 KENWORTHY M., MAMAJEK E., HINZ Ph., MEYER M., HEINZE A., MILLER D., SIVANANDAM S. & FREED M.
  ApJ. , 697 , 1928
  paper

• Evolution of Debris Disks

  2008 WYATT M.
  Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. , 46 , 339
  paper

• Extrasolar Giant Planets and X-ray Activity

  2008 KASHYAP V., DRAKE J. & SAAR S.
  ApJ. , 687 , 1339
  paper   arxiv

• Extrasolar planet taxonomy: a new statistical approach

  2007 MARCHI S.
  ApJ. , 666 , 475
  arxiv   paper

• Predicting low-frequency radio fluxes of known extrasolar planets

  2007 GRIEßMEIER J.-M., ZARKA P. & SPREEUW H.
  Astron. & Astrophys. , 475 , 359
  paper

• Formation of Earth-like Planets During and After Giant Planet Migration

  2007 MANDELL A., RAYMOND S. & SIGURDSSON S.
  ApJ. , 660 , 823
  paper

• Kinematics of planet-host stars and their relation to dynamical streams in the solar neighbourhood

  2006 ECUVILLON A., ISRAELIAN G., PONT F., SANTOS N. & MAYOR M.
  Astron. & Astrophys. , 461 , 171
  paper

• Habitability of known exoplanetary systems based on measured stellar properties

  2006 JONES B., SLEEP P. & UNDERWOOD D.
  ApJ. , 649 , 1010
  paper

• Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets

  2006 BUTLER P., WRIGHT J., MARCY G., FISCHER D., VOGT S., TINNEY Ch., JONES H., CARTER B., JOHNSON J., McCARTHY Ch. & PENNY A.
  ApJ. , 646 , 505
  paper   arxiv   ADS  

• A planetary system as the origin of structure in Fomalhaut's dust belt.

  2005 KALAS P., GRAHAM J. & CLAMPIN M.
  Nature , 405 , 1067
  paper

• Numerical Modelling of Dusty Debris Disks.

  2005 DELLER A. & MADDISON S.
  ApJ. , 625 , 390

• First Look at the Fomalhaut Debris Disk with the Spitzer Space Telescope.

  2004 STAPELFELDT K., HOLMES E., CHEN C., RIEKE G., SU K., HINES D., WERNER M., BEICHMAN C., JURA M., PADGETT D., STANSBERRY J., BENDO G., CADIEN J., MARENGO M., THOMPSON T., VELUSAMY T., BACKUS C., BLAYLOCK M., EGAMI E., ENGELBRECHT C., FRAYER D., GORDON K., KEENE J., LATTER W., MEGEATH T., MISSELT K., MORRISON J., MUZEROLLE J., NORIEGA-CRESPO A., Van CLEVE J. & YOUNG E.
  ApJ. Suppl. , 154 , 458
  paper

• The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the Solar neighbourhood. Ages, metallicities, and kinematic properties of ~14000 F and G dwarfs.

  2004 NORDSTROM B., MAYOR M., ANDERSEN J., HOLMBERG J., PONT F., JORGENSEN B., OLSEN E., UDRY S. & MOWLAVI N.
  Astron. & Astrophys. , 419 , 989
  paper

• Submillimeter Observations of an Asymmetric Dust Disk around Fomalhaut.

  2003 HOLLAND W., GREAVES J., DENT W., WYATT M., ZUCKERMAN B., WEBB R., McCARTHY C., COULSON I. ROBSON E. & GEAR W.
  ApJ. , 582 , 5821141
  paper